President Noynoy Aquino - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 450 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/09/21 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Mother language education in President Noynoys 1ST SONA (reposted from DILA Forum, by Sir Manny) The good news from Rep. Magtanggol Gunigundo is that he was able to talk to President Noynoy Aquino and President Aquino said he would mention in his SONA his 10 point agenda which includes MLE. President Noynoy Aquino recognizes the importance of mother tongue-based multilingual education in the formative years of children and harmonizes it with recommendations of UNESCO. Point 8 in his 10-point Education agenda states: 8. Medium of Instruction rationalized UNESCO has proven that young children learn best in their mother tongue before moving on to English in higher grades. This is a policy already observed by DepEd since Brother Andrew Gonzalezs time as DepEd Secretary From pre-school to grade 3, we will use the mother tongue as the medium of instruction while teaching English and Filipino subjects. From Grades 4-6 (7). we will increasingly use English as the medium of instruc tion for science and math and Filipino for Aralang Panlipunan (social studies). For High School, English should be the medium of instruction for science, math English; Filipino for AP, Filipino and tech-voc education. My view on this is larger than just the classroom. We should become tri-lingual as a country. : * Learn English well and connect to the world. * Learn Filipino well and connect to our country. * Retain your mother tongue and connect to your heritage. (First delivered at the Third COCOPEA National Congress, 11 February 2010, Manila, Philippines, and published in Commentary, The Philippine Daily Inquirer, February 2010. ) We worked hard to go this far. As Marietta Primicias Goco of Subsidiarity Movement International put it, At least you guys have made a beachhead with P-Noy re MLE for the first four years of schooling. Thats VERY important and needs only to be put in place everywhere. ASAP! Yet, we should also heed Dr. Jes Tirols comments: Yes we have the beach head. I hope we will not remain in the beach. Hitler could not have been defeated if the allies stayed at the beaches of Normandy. President Noynoy cannot escape his background and training, as neither can we. He grew up in the Tagalog culture of his mother. He is a Tagalista and uses Tagalog in all his public appearances. He of course accepts MLE as the most effective way for transference or bridging to Tagalog. A lot of work still needs to be done, especially the need to amend Article XIV, Section 7 of the 1987 Constitution and finally recognize our regional languages as official languages and medium of instruction as they do in Spain, Belgium, UK, South Africa, India, Switzerland and Canada, to name some countries which are good paradigms of multi-culturalism and recognition of, and respect for, linguistic diversity. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "President Noynoy Aquino" essay for you Create order

Profile Of A Vietnamese Community - 936 Words

Profile of a Vietnamese community in Southern California My choice of linguistic community in Southern California is Vietnamese community, which is known as â€Å"Little Saigon†. This community is mostly located in the city of Westminster and Garden Grove in Orange County. Vietnamese, as the sixth most popular language in the United States, has more than 1.5 million speakers distributed in several states such as California, Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana. Vietnamese language has the fifth most speakers in California with more than 1 million speakers within the states. According to statistics from U.S. Census Bureau in 2010 and 2011, Vietnamese speakers have increased by nearly 6 times since 1980. The figure below shows the distribution of six largest Asian groups in California and the Vietnamese makes up 37.3% of the population. The Vietnamese community grew rapidly and has become one of the largest immigrant communities during the past four decades. In 1975, Vietnamese began their first wave of migration to the United States. One i mportant factor is the victory of North Vietnamese in the Vietnam War on April 30th, 1975. The government of South Vietnam lose its battle against the North Vietnam communist forces and more than 125,000 Vietnamese refugees evacuated to the United States. The mass migration occurred because large groups of military personnel, soldiers, government officials were evacuated by the U.S. Navy and air force. Most of the refugees were South VietnameseShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Vietnam And Canada Relations927 Words   |  4 Pagescountries in the world – the U.S. and Japan. By being a member TPP, the agreement will create more opportunities and incentives for both Canadian and Vietnamese enterprises, especially small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to access to dynamic and growing Vietnam market (for Canadian enterprise) and potential and high-standard Canada market (for Vietnamese enterprise). 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Unit 4 Free Essays

D2-explain how establishing a safe environment can support the procedures necessary for accidents, illnesses and emergencies. When supervising indoor and outdoor activities it is important that equipment is of the highest safety standard. Space must be allowed for children to hop skip and run etc†¦ And no room should be over crowed whether it is with toys or people. We will write a custom essay sample on Unit 4 or any similar topic only for you Order Now This means as a practitioner you should think about the size of groups of children that are using one area as if there is to many there will be more accidents as their won’t be enough space. Also before allowing children to use equipment check all equipment to make sure it’s safe and remove any broken or faulty items. Safe environment is full of potential risks to a child’s health and safety and accidents to happen, however with care and planning activities it lessens the risk, allowing children to explore and develop their skills without unnecessary danger. Everybody who works with children is responsible for their safety. It’s important that the environment children are playing in is regularly checked before and during activities. If you have checked an area and equipment for safety before children start playing here and questioned whether the activity is suitable for the children. Risk assessments are a key in safety, you evaluate the risk of the activity and any possible hazards and then decide how high the risk is and if it is to high you either need to find ways to lessen the risk or not do the activity at all. B1- Consider possible ways to maintain the safety and privacy of children and to respect their wishes. There are many ways to maintain the safety and privacy of children, this involves policies and procedures such as safe guarding, making sure all staff are suitable to work with children and they are asked to have regular CRB checks and staff training so they can learn new skills, also there are procedures that have to be done such as a having a passcode when someone other than the child’s parent/carer is picking them up, security passes must be worn and all children must be signed in and out when they arrive and leave the setting. Confidentiality is also important any information about a child must be kept within the setting, and records must be sorted away safely, also as a practitioner you shouldn’t gossip about a child or their family whether you’re in the setting or outside the setting. The Childs privacy is also important this is done by having doors n the toilets, having separate changing area’s and having a quiet area for if a child’s unwell, also any accidents should be cleaned up quickly and not made a scene as the child might become upset by it. Also having a key worker allows children to be reassured and have one to one time with a member of staff their close to. How to cite Unit 4, Papers Unit 4 Free Essays Roza Niemiec Unit 4 Introduction of Duty of Care in Health , Social Care or Children`s and Young People`s Settings . 1. 1Define the term â€Å"duty of care â€Å" It means that as Health and Social worker we have to do everything to avoid danger and harm for our clients or service users , it is our legal duty to avoid any danger for them . We will write a custom essay sample on Unit 4 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Following polices and procedurs and write risk assessment to individual, taking actions to keep the individuals safe and report it any danger . Keep up to date with all training and updates . 1. Describe how the duty of care affects own work role The time when iam starting work iam responsible for take care of residents. I have to make sure if they are safe . I have to follow Health and Safety procedures but also I have to use my own mind and see if everything is ok . I have to be very observant and be open to critic because maybe iam not always right I have to know what someone is thinking as well . Sometimes is very hard when I asked to do so many tasks in the same time but my duty is to make sure of safety . In my work place we got daily visitors. I try to make sure if they are ok because who ever is inside work place iam responsible for them . I cant share information with anyone, just with manager or senior . Regular training is really helping because maybe i can go into routine and forget thinks . 2. 1 Describe dilemmas that may arise between the duty of care and an individuals. I think there is many dilemmas because people want to make them choices as well , by stopping them to do something for them safety we are not helping them to be independent. Also rights to freedom , by thinking that person will get harm by doing something we just making that person unhappy and we blocking them to do what they like . For example elderly they still like to dance or cook or have any other hobby’s. Also I want to talk about confidentiality, sometimes we don’t know if we can share some information , maybe this will harm interest of individual . 2. 2 Explain where to get additional support and advice about how to resolve such dilemmas I think first person which I could got for advice would be Senior Care Assistant and Manager or tutor . But if I not get anything from them I would contact professional bodies like The Association of Health Care Professionals , Care Quality Commission , Unison , Skills for Care , Skills for Health and there are many more . We can find them numbers on internet . 3. 1 Describe how to respond to complains In letter I would acknowledge the complaint about what was happen , that I will take them concern seriously and that there will be actions make in investigation and apologise . The best would be give them time frame and plan of action. I would try to resolve the problem directly with person sending that complain . The best option would be to talk with that person or talk by phone . Explain to that person about them rights and to who sand complain if is problem not resolved . I would try to understand that person pion of view and try to make this person understand my point of view . Also reassure that person that everything said is confidential . Responding to complain in good way can restore a trust and can prevent from future misunderstanding s. 3. 2 Identify the main points of agreed procedures for handling complains . Keeping all records of complain , investigation in what happen , give respond in agreed time with apologies or explanation , respond in right manner to complainer , tell him or his rights what happen if complain is not resolved , tell about role of local authorises , learned from mistakes and improve place of work How to cite Unit 4, Papers Unit 4 Free Essays Unit 4 assignment LO1. 1, 1. 2, 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Unit 4 or any similar topic only for you Order Now 3 PHYSICAL ABUSE Physical abuse is where a person sets out to deliberately hurt another causing actual bodily harm. Forms of abuse could be any or all of the following: †¢Hitting †¢Pinching †¢Slapping †¢Kicking †¢Pulling hair †¢Biting †¢Pushing †¢Tripping someone up/over †¢Strangling †¢Hitting with an object †¢Cutting †¢burning Someone who is being physically abused may show signs of it but could be hiding it so as not to draw attention to themselves. The abuser/s may have told the victim things to ensure the abusers name isn’t divulged to anyone. Signs and symptoms associated with physical abuse could be: †¢Black eyes †¢Bite marks †¢Bald patches on the scalp †¢Bruises †¢Burns †¢Unexplained marks Sometimes, the signs are not so easy to pick up on. The individual maybe scared for what seems to be an unknown reason, may gradually withdraw from activities that they had previously enjoyed participating in and also may begin to suffer with depression and anxiety. SEXUAL ABUSE Sexual abuse is forcing someone, without their consent, to take part in a exual act. There are numerous forms of sexual abuse. Listed below are some forms of it. †¢Sexual touching on any body part, clothed or unclothed †¢Sexually suggestive statements †¢Non-consensual, forced physical sexual behaviour †¢Sexual kissing, fondling †¢Indecent exposure †¢Involving a vulnerable adult in pornography †¢Penetration or attempted penetration of intimate areas †¢Masturbation †¢Rape †¢Participating in sexual acts to which a vulnerable adult has not consented, or could not consent, or was pressured into consenting Some physical signs of sexual abuse are: Bruises/scratches/burns/bite marks to the body †¢Scratches/abrasions or persistent infections in the anal/genital regions †¢Pregnancy †¢Recurrent urinary/genital infections †¢Blood or marks on underwear †¢Abdominal pain with no diagnosable cause Some behavioural signs of sexual abuse are: †¢Provocative sexual behaviour/promiscuity †¢Prostitution †¢Sexual abuse of others †¢Aggression/anxiety/tearfulness †¢Frequent masturbation †¢Refusal to undress for activities such as swimming/bathing †¢Behaviour that invites exploitation and further physical/sexual abuse PSYCHOLOGICAL ABUSE All forms of abuse also have an element of psychological abuse. Any situation which means that someone becomes the victim of abuse at the hands of someone they trust is, inevitably, going to cause emotional distress. However, some abuse is purely psychological-there are no physical, sexual or financial elements involved. Some signs of psychological abuse are: †¢Emotional abuse †¢Bullying †¢Controlling †¢Blaming †¢Verbal abuse e. g. shouting/swearing †¢Harassment †¢Intimidation †¢Humiliation †¢Deprivation of contact with others Ignoring Some signs or indicators of psychological abuse are: †¢Fearfulness †¢Self-blaming †¢Heightened defence of others †¢Avoiding eye contact †¢Anxiety †¢Depression †¢Telling lies SELF NEGLECT Self-neglect is a behavioural condition where an individual fails to attend to their basic needs. People neglect their own care for a range of reasons; the most common a re: †¢Physical illness or disability †¢Mentally ill/mental health problems †¢Sensory loss or difficulty †¢Learning difficulties/disabilities †¢Alcohol and drug misuse problems A different set of priorities/perspectives This could in turn lead to them jeopardizing their wellbeing leading them to have poor personal hygiene, going without food tending to any medical condition they have which would lead them to eventually fall ill. Signs and symptoms of self-neglect are: †¢Hazardous/unsafe living conditions †¢Inappropriate/inadequate clothing †¢Lack of necessary medical aids †¢Dehydration/ malnutrition †¢Inadequate medical care/not taking prescribed medication properly †¢Unsanitary/unclean living conditions i. e. nsect/animal infestation, no functioning toilet with clean running water leading to faecal borne disease. INSTITUTIONAL ABUSE Institutional abuse arises from poor standards of care, inadequate staffing levels, lack of resp onse to people’s complex needs, staff with inadequate knowledge, skills, understanding expertise. Institutional abuse has been known to occur in nursing homes, residential homes, in-patient hospital wards and care homes. Institutional abuse can be any or all of the following: †¢Neglect †¢Verbal abuse †¢Sexual abuse Physical abuse †¢Financial abuse †¢Discrimination †¢Emotional abuse The signs/symptoms can again, be any or all of the following: †¢Anxiety †¢Avoiding eye contact †¢Depression †¢Fearfulness †¢Unexplainable bruises †¢Not trusting of others †¢Telling lies/lying for others †¢Self-blaming/self-harm †¢Low self esteem FINANCIAL ABUSE Financial abuse is when a person forcibly controls another person’s financial decisions. Financial abuse, like all other forms of abuse, can be inflicted by family members even friends as well as care workers or informal carers. It can take a range of forms that include: †¢Theft †¢Fraud †¢Withholding money for ANY reason †¢Exploiting/manipulating someone for financial gain †¢Pressure in connection with wills, property, inheritance or financial transactions †¢Controlling bank accounts The warning signs/symptoms of someone being financially abused could be any of the following: †¢Very few or no personal possessions †¢Sudden changing of a will †¢Unpaid bills †¢Someone not being allowed to manage their own financial affairs †¢Not knowing where your money has gone †¢Unexplained disappearance of valuables Other people moving into a person’s property †¢Unexplained lack of money despite a regular income NEGLECT BY OTHERS ABUSE Neglect by others occurs when either a support worker or a family or friend carer fails to meet someone’s support needs. Neglect can happen because those responsible for providing the support do not realise its impo rtance, or because they cannot be bothered. Failing to provide any of the following are all examples of neglect. †¢Food †¢Water †¢Medicine †¢Health care †¢A safe clean place to live Signs/symptoms of neglect by others could be: Medical condition deteriorating unexpectedly or not improving as expected †¢Supported person is hungry †¢Living environment is dirty unhygienic †¢Unexplained weight loss †¢Supported person files a report of being mistreated †¢Hazardous living conditions such as no heating/running water †¢Clothes/body dirty and smelly 1. 3 Describe factors that may contribute to an individual being more vulnerable to abuse. Someone who has been abused in the past, people who are mentally or physically disabled as they may not be aware of what is happening or have the ability to stop whatever is happening at the time. Individuals with low confidence, people with sensory impairments. E. g. Mrs Smith lives on her own, she has 1 carer who visits her twice daily. Mrs Smith also has dementia which puts her in a very vulnerable position to abuse as she is very forgetful. Mrs Smith only has one visitor who happens to be her carer. 2. 1 What actions should you take when abuse is suspected? If abuse is being suspected, I’d inform my senior in charge or manager immediately. I’d also document my findings by writing it down, dating the document and I’d sign it. I’d then monitor the situation and inform my senior of any changes. Protect, Report, Preserve, Record Refer. 2. 2 What actions should you take if an individual alleges that they are being abused? If an individual came to me with allegations of abuse, I’d first and foremost tell them that I believe them and listen to them. I’d encourage them to tell me what happened in their own words. I’d document what they had told me in a report. I’d tell the individual that I must report the allegation whilst ensuring we were both safe. I’d then report it to my manager, confidentially. After reporting such an allegation, I’d ensure that I didn’t discuss the situation (allegation or suspicion) with anyone else. 2. 3 How to ensure evidence of abuse is preserved. If the abuse is financial or physical: †¢Written documents (witness statements) should be securely stored †¢Photos and recordings should be securely stored If the abuse is sexual: †¢Do not wash or clean any part of the room/area where the alleged abuse took place †¢Do not remove bedding †¢Do not allow the individual to wash, shower, brush their hair or teeth †¢Keep the room closed simply by shutting the door to preserve evidence PROTECTION FROM ABUSE 3. 1 National policies and local systems that relate to safeguarding protection from abuse are: †¢CQC †¢ISA (independent safeguarding authorities) †¢Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act The CQC are independent regulators who inspect all care providers to ensure they are meeting government standards. During their inspections, they ask people about their experience in receiving care, talk to support workers, check the right systems and processes are in place and are working well look for evidence that care isn’t meeting government standards. The ISA are responsible for making decisions about who should be barred from working with small children and vulnerable adults. ISA publish research to help employers recognise and prevent abuse in the workplace. Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act is an important part of a bigger programme of work. This program of work extends across government departments and is designed to solve the failures identified by the 2004 Bichard Inquiry arising from the Soham murders. The Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006 provides a legislative framework for the new vetting and barring scheme, now known as the CRB. Policies and procedures at work will include these laws. 3. 2 Roles of different agencies in safeguarding and protection. †¢Medical professionals such as GP, AE staff, nurses, doctors: they can examine, diagnose treat, they can record: this can include photographic evidence †¢An Expert Witness: this is a specialist within a subject such as paediatrics, geriatrics psychiatrics. †¢The local authority Social Services department would carry out an assessment of needs. This would include any unpaid carer of individual. Safeguarding Team, within Social Services department: investigates ensures safety, work with other agencies such as police. A Safeguarding Protection Officer would lead the Adult Protection Alert. †¢Police: to investigate/prosecute, to work with other agencies, to provide support to victims, to raise awareness of crimes, crime prevention. †¢Care Quality Commission to regulate inspect care providers. †¢Independent Safeguarding Authority, th is includes Vetting Barring Scheme, to safeguard protect vulnerable people before employment commences, including CRB. 3. Identify reports into serious failures to protect individuals from abuse. Winterbourne View-see assignment 1 ERR Michael Payne- 24yr old care worker found guilty of abusing an adult with learning disabilities. Sentenced to 16 months in prison. Jenny Glanister-found guilty of stealing ? 330,000 from Oakfield Home for adults with learning difficulties. Sentenced to 2yrs 8months in prison. The death of Peter Connelly aka Baby P, Child A Baby Peter. 3. 4 Identify sources of information and advice about own role in safeguarding protecting individuals from abuse. Workplace policies and procedures, CQC reports, care plans, work colleagues, training courses that I’ve attended, the internet, my seniors and managers. 4. 1 Explain how the likelihood of abuse may be reduced by: †¢Working with person-centred values †¢Encouraging active participation †¢Promoting choice and rights You’re working to the needs of the individual; working with them ensures their choices rights as individuals are respected and acted upon. This allows individuals to maintain control, instead of them feeling like they are being controlled. This in turn allows the individual to express opinions, feeling and wishes. It also makes them feel that they have a choice and are not being forced into doing something they don’t want to do; also giving all individuals equal opportunities. All of this makes the individual feel empowered and involved will be able to speak up if they don’t like something which will minimise the risk of abuse. 4. 2 Explain the importance of an accessible complaints procedure for reducing the likelihood of abuse. This will allow staff, service users, family members anyone else with a complaint to know how to go about getting it dealt with. Abusers may be less likely to abuse knowing that policies procedures are in place for reporting incidents/allegations and it will be taken very seriously. 5. 1 Describe unsafe practices that may affect the wellbeing of individuals. Anything that would threaten the personal safety of another person, that is physical, emotional or psychological. Things like poor manual handling, not keeping track if a service user has taken their medication, not disposing of waste properly, basically every time a short cut is taken on a procedure. 5. Explain the actions to take if unsafe practices have been identified. Report to senior on duty or the manager. Do not get involved in the unsafe practice and ensure you continue to work to safe practice/best practice. 5. 3 Describe the action to take if suspected abuse or unsafe practices have been reported but nothing has been done in response. Id report it to my manager firstly, if nothing appeared to be done I’d then report it to their manager. O nly then if nothing was done at all, I’d go ahead with utilising the Whistleblowing policy and informing the CQC. How to cite Unit 4, Papers

Theme Animal Farm Essay Example For Students

Theme Animal Farm Essay Theme AnalysisThe theme of Animal Farm is not difficult to understand. Orwell intended to criticize the communist regime he saw sweeping through Russia and spreading to Europe and even the United States. Though he agreed with many Marxist principles, Orwell was unable to accept the communist interpretation of socialism because he saw many similarities between the communist governments and the previous czarist regimes in old Russia. Communism, he thought, was inherently hypocritical.In his self-proclaimed â€Å"fairy-story,† Orwell uses his allegorical farm to symbolize the communist system. Though the original intention of overthrowing Mr. Jones (who represents the Czars), is not inherently evil in itself, Napoleon’s subsequent adoption of nearly all of Mr. Jones’ principles and harsh mistreatment of the animals proves to the reader that indeed communism is not equality, but just another form of inequality. The pigs and dogs take most of the power for themselves, thinking that they are the best administrators of government. Eventually the power corrupts them, and they turn on their fellow animals, eliminating competitors through propaganda and bloodshed. This is of course a reference to Stalin, who murdered many of his own people in order to maintain his dictatorship of Russia. Chapter 1In Orwells first chapter, the reader is introduced to all of his wonderful animals— with two important exceptions: Snowball and Napoleon (two characters who will become the focus later). Obviously most of the chapter is intended to spark pity and a sense of sympathy for the poor, suffering farm animals, but the old Majors words are very telling. The wise old pig addresses the central conflict of the book, and of Orwells intended meaning tyranny. The first (and seemingly only) dictatorship the animals must overcome is the rule of Mr. Jones and the other humans. Chapter 2Orwells second chapter is drenched with metaphors— most of which will not co me to light until later in the novel. The first is old Majors death. This represents the end to the older regime, the initial revolution. Now someone else will have to step into authority. Secondly Orwell strangely describes a pig named Squealer. The name sounds fairly pig-like but his actions dont. Supposedly Squealer has a special ability to persuade others. Orwell boasts, he could turn black into white. Obviously a pig like this could be used by the right people (animals). Orwell uses chapter 2 to really make Mr. Jones into a bad guy, although he admits that he was at one time a good master. Mr. Jones main problem is that he drinks too much and neglects the farm. Even his men are idle and dishonest. Soon the animals are fed up with Jones (pardon the pun) after not being fed for over a day, so they organize and successfully carry out the long- awaited revolt. The animals rename Manor Farm Animal Farm yet agree not to live in the house. Yet some of the elite pigs have already adopt ed some of Mans ways; Snowball and Napoleon have suddenly taught themselves to read and write, and soon a list of 7 Commandments is written on the tarred wall. Unfortunately only a few of the animals can actually read the rules. This will come back to haunt them later. Orwell again closes with a eerie foreshadowing. After Snowball and Napoleon order the animals to work in the hay field, the milk which many of the lower animals asked to drink mysteriously disappears. Napoleon, however, dismisses the milk plea by proclaiming, The harvest is more important. Chapter 3Chapter 3 is uneventful for the most part although it does have a few more important metaphors. For one thing, the pigs are starting to emerge as the elite class of animals although all animals are supposed to be equal. Orwell narrates, The pigs did not actually work, but directed and supervised the others. Of course the rational is classic and easy to see through. Orwell continues, With their superior knowledge it was natu ral that they should assume the leadership. Snowball and Napoleon start to fight and argue over everything. Both pigs enjoy the apples and milk only given to them. Of course this is just in the farms best interest. Really pigs dont like the taste of milk and apples, but force it down in order to stay healthy and help supervise (haha). Chapter 4Orwells fourth chapter is a look into the outside world. This is really more or less a reality check after so much narrative about the utopian lifestyle of Animal Farm. The passage does clear up a few questions any inquisitive reader would have about the outside world. I mean, wouldnt you think that the other neighboring farmers might think somethings up if one day they see a bunch of pigs supervising horses plow a field? Anyway, Orwell explains, It was lucky that the owners of the two farms which adjoined Animal Farm were on permanently bad terms. Anyone considering the allegorical significance of Foxwood and Pinchfield might guess that they are really just deep metaphors for the nations bordering Russia. Anyway, these farmers just shrug off the animal rule as a gimmick and dont think much of it until they realized that the animals are actually being more productive than Jones had been. They also get a little nervous when they realize that the Animal Farm pigeons have gone to neighboring farms, teaching other animals the Beasts of England song and encouraging them to revolt. So the farmers next strategy is to criticize the farm, saying that the animals practiced cannibalism, tortured one another with red-hot horseshoes, and had their females in common. This symbolizes the outcry of America and other Western nations during the beginning stages of the cold war. Ridicule was really the only tactic they had left after being scared to death of the Soviet powers after World War II. The real action in the chapter is when Jones and his men try to recapture the farm. Napoleon and his pig allies had long expected this to happen, so they plan a very extensive defense strategy. When the Jones crew attacks, they were gored, kicked, bitten, and trampled on. So many of the men die, thus concluding the Battle of the Cowshed. Chapter 5Orwells fifth chapter is an action-packed tale of two animals who leave the farm. First Mollie, who never was too fond of the whole idea of revolution since it meant she wouldnt have any more sugar lumps, is seen talking to a neighbor man and letting him stroke her nose. When confronted by Clover, she denies it, then runs away forever. None of the other animals ever mentioned Mollie again. Chapter 6Orwell mostly uses chapter 6 as a series of foreshadows. The first involves, of course, Napoleon. This time hes beginning to trade with the neighboring farmers, Foxwood and Pinchfield. The necessity comes from materials only humans can make. But the picture-perfect world the animals imagined had no conflicts like this. I mean, who could have imagined that Boxer might need new horseshoes? W ell, ok maybe the animals were being naive. Anyway, Napoleon decides that he will conduct trade with the outside world. But some of the animals think that maybe this was once forbidden. Soon the animals have more reason to be uneasy. They notice that the pigs have recently begun to sleep in beds, which, of course, is one of the forbidden associations with humans. Muriel reads the commandments to the confused Clover from the barn wall and notices that one of them has been altered. Now it reads, No animals shall sleep in a bed with sheets. Toward the end of the reading, the windmill, which was Snowballs idea stolen by Napoleon, mysteriously collapses in the middle of the night. Of course all the animals are upset that such a terrible event could make worthless the object for which they had labored so long. Napoleon and Squealer completely blame Snowball with no hesitation. Chapter 7Chapter 7 continues Orwells portrayal of the animals plight. Animal Farm has seemed to have fallen on ha rd times. The crops are not as bountiful as before and the pigs are increasingly forced to trade with the outside world in order to get many of the supplies they need. Napoleon ordered the almost empty bins in the store-shed to be filled nearly to the brim with sand, which was then covered up with what remained of the grain and meal. On some suitable pretext Whymper was led through the store-shed and allowed to catch a glimpse of the bins. He was deceived, and continued to report to the outside world that there was no food shortage on Animal Farm. The cornerstone of this chapter is the savage act of Napoleon. Bothered by their conscious, many animals come forward saying they had been told in a dream by Snowball to murder Napoleon or a similar such act. So Napoleon, with the help of his dogs, slaughters anyone who is said to be disloyal. the tale of confessions and executions went on, until there was a pile of corpses lying before Napoleons feet and the air was heavy with the smell o f blood, which had been unknown there since the expulsion of Jones. To top it off, Napoleon outlaws Beasts of England, which had served as one of the only remaining ties between Animal Farm and old Major. Chapter 8As with the sleeping beds, some of the animals think they remember something in the commandments against animals killing animals. But when Muriel reads the writing on the barn wall to Clover, interestingly, the words are, No animal shall kill any other animal without cause. To replace Beasts of England, Napoleon forces to animals to sing his own little self-worship song, called Comrade Napoleon. And to further distance the animals from their ties of respect and admiration for Snowball, Napoleon (with help from Squealer no doubt) tells them that really Snowball was no hero at the Battle of Cowshed, but in fact a coward who ran away from the danger. Napoleon goes on to say that the award Snowball received was really just a myth too. Once again some of the animals heard this with a certain bewilderment, but Squealer was soon able to convince them that their memories had been at fault. Orwell goes on to say, It was a few days later than this that the pigs came upon a case of whisky in the cellars of the farmhouse. And surprise, surprise, Napoleon suddenly becomes sick and is said to be dying. Obviously, he has broken the commandment about drinking alcohol, and sure enough, after the hang-over the Leader is better and soon is perfectly fine. But to justify this little episode, arrangements to amend the rules are made. No animal shall drink alcohol to excess. Chapter 9Orwell basically uses chapter 9 to continue the fall of Animal Farm and to foreshadow his dramatic conclusion in chapter 10. For example, the rations of the everyday lowly animals are again reduced by Napoleon and the elite. A too rigid equality in rations, Squealer explained, would have been contrary to the principles of Animalism. Of course this comment is taken totally out of context since the principles of Animalism guarantee equality of all animals. But the animals have been too well brainwashed by the pigs; the rules of the revolution have long since passed. Orwell writes, Truth to tell, Jones and all he stood for had almost faded out of their memories. The next bizarre event is Moses sudden and unexplained return. This raven and former friend of Mr. Jones now seems to feel right at home telling the animals about SugarCandy Mountainto keep them working. What links the parallel between Napoleon and Jones even further is the fact that Moses is paid by Napoleon in beer. ( For the symbolism of Moses and SugarCandy Mountain, click on the side links.) Last in the chapter is the touching yet destined death of Boxer. After working so long for his master (dictator) Napoleon, any reader could have guessed the outcome. The troubling part, however, is the way Napoleon and the pigs handle his death. Instead of letting him enter his leisurely retirement, they force him into a g lue-making truck and then lie about it to the other animals. Squealer says that Boxer has died in a hospital bed, despite receiving the best possible care (obviously a lie). Chapter 10Chapter 10 is Orwells most dramatic and thought-provoking of the chapters. While the others seems to have at least a shred of comedy, chapter 10 is almost pure tragedy and metaphor for Russia. For more on the symbolism of characters and connection to Stalin and all of Russia, visit the character profiles and metaphors sections on the left. In the chapter reviews, the main purpose is to provide a brief synopsis of each section without getting too into the symbolism, which may bore some readers, although its really the most fascinating part of the book. The fall of the ideals of Animalism is summed up in Orwells first page of the chapter. Squealer was so fat that he could with difficulty see out of his eyes. Chapter 10 takes place in the future and so there are some drastic changes. For example, Napoleon says with no hesitancy, The truest happiness lay in working hard and living frugally. This is a stark change from the beginning of the book when Napoleon is considered the generous leader who wants unlimited food for all! Even more disgustingly, the hypocrisy of the statement is obvious. For Napoleon, of all animals, doesnt work hard or even lift a finger anymore. Orwell goes on to state, Somehow it seemed as though the farm had grown richer without making the animals themselves any richer— except, of course, for the pigs and the dogs. The parallels between Jones and Napoleon are strengthened again when Orwell hints at the prospect of a new rebellion against Napoleon. Some day it was coming: it might not be soon, it might not be within the lifetime of any animal now living, but still it was coming. Even the tune of Beasts of England was perhaps hummed secretly here and there. And even more stunning (although one might have guessed it would happen sooner or later) is the sigh t of a pig walking on his hind legs. Even the sheep have been conditioned to it. They suddenly break out into a chant of Four legs good, two legs better! To top it off, the pigs break the ultimate rule about wearing human clothes. Even so, the animals are ignorant and very stupid. Orwell narrates, It did not seem strange when Napoleon was seen strolling in the farmhouse garden with a pipe in his mouth— no, not even when the pigs took Mr. Joness clothes out of the wardrobes and put them on, Napoleon himself appearing in a black coat. Lastly, Napoleon invites all the neighbors over to celebrate the success of Animal Farm, which is changed back to the name of Manor Farm. Orwell narrates, Mr. Pilkington once again congratulated the pigs on the low rations, the long working hours, and the general absence of pampering which he had observed on Animal Farm. The closing paragraph is purely haunted. Orwell describes a human-like fight between the pigs and humans during the celebration. Twelve voices were shouting in anger, and they were all alike. No question, now, what had happened to the faces of the pigs. The creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again; but already it was impossible to say which was which. 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